Background

Residential PV systems are generally installed on the rooftop of residential buildings, with a large metal surface area, higher distance from the ground and exposed location. Therefore, PV systems are easy to become lightning targets in thunderstorms.  If the power station does not have good lightning protection & grounding, the probability of being struck by lightning is extremely high and could cause fire, electricity safety issues and losses to property and human life. 

The PV industry has matured and system design and construction have become more standardized. However, there are still doubts about requirements for lightning protection: The whole design and construction of the system in this paper meet the requirements from components, brackets, inverters, electricity distribution boxes, and grounding cables. 

Why is lightning damage still a common occurrence? In order to answer this, we will share with you the problems that are easily overlooked during installation and how to make the system protection more effective.

 

 

PART 1General Lightning Protection Solution

 

Diagram 1_Standard lightning protection plan (Inclined roof on left and flat roof on right)

For areas with relatively less lightning frequency, grounding methods shown in Diagram 1 are commonly used without installation of additional lightning rods. If a system is installed on a flat roof, it usually tends to ground via the inverter cover or connect to the building’s existing lightning protection system. Such lightning protection is potentially inefficient for areas with high lightning probability.

  

PART 2 Enhanced Lightning Protection Solution

Before considering the effective lightning protection of a PV system, we need to understand the common types of lightning strikes. 

 

For residential PV systems, the type ?and type ? two lightning strikes are the most common: direct lightning and induced lightning strikes. If the property is in a lightning-prone area or there are other high metal objects on the rooftop, e.g. solar thermal heaters, water tanks or satellite antenna , the probability of these two lightning strikes will be higher. It is necessary to enhance and strengthen the lightning protection during the design stage.

 

Metal equipment on the rooftop

 

To enhance the effectiveness of lightning protection for residential systems, in addition to normal lightning protection measures, the following points should be considered:

1) If the system has a large capacity or is located in an area with high lightning strikes, it is necessary to install a lightning rod beside the solar array;

2) If there are other metal facilities on the roof, the DC side of the PV system should be kept as far from these structures as possible. Make sure the PV system mounting does not come into contact with these structures.   It is also recommended to install a lightning rod on the roof.

3) Reduce the general PV system cabling cross-area to decrease the strength of an induced lightning strike.

4) It is recommended to implement a separate lightning protection solution for the PV system and avoid simply connecting to the building’s original lightning protection system. enhanced lightning protection solution (inclined roof/flat roof)

 

PART 3 Case Study

This project is in Fenghua, China. According to statistics, the area’s annual average lightning days of more than 75 times defines it as a lightning-prone area.  The on-site residential buildings have a large flat roof area, and the total installed capacity is 28kW, with a  GCI-25K-5G inverter, so the lightning protection system scheme shown in the figure below is what was implemented..

 

On-site lightning protection solution of PV system

In addition to the building lightning protection for the solar modules, brackets, inverters, and electricity distribution boxes, the lightning protection system of the project adds the following safety features based on the plan above:

1) For the most vulnerable parts of the system e.g. the inverter, make sure both the electrical (internal) grounding and cover (external) grounding are effectively connected.  

 

Added four 1.5m length and Φ10mm round steel lightning rods at the four corners of the array and welded onto the building’s own lightning belt to reduce a direct lightning strike’s impact on the system. 

2) Separated  grounding of residential PV system: Choose a location where ground is thick and humid enough and dig a 1.5m-deep hole, then use Φ8 round steel (40*4mm flat steel can also be used or Φ10 round steel)  to make the separated grounding. The grounding resistor is 1.68Ω and meets the requirement of less than 2Ω.

 

PART 4 Summary

The lightning protection and grounding of residential PV systems cannot be ignored. Therefore, in the system installation process, we must not only consider the scientific lightning protection and grounding technology, but also strengthen the system's lightning protection according to the site conditions. In short, spend time considering your PV system lightning protection, because meticulous care and attention in the design & installation stage can avoid many problems later. A safe and stable lightning protection and grounding construction can avoid system damage and even personal and property losses.